Laughter & humor

The effects of acupressure, laughter yoga, and a mindfulness-based stress reduction program applied to postmenopausal women for menopause symptoms and quality of life.

Koca Hacer U (2024) · Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · n=146

Effect of Humor on Pain and Anxiety in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Study.

Babadağ Savaş Burcu (2024) · Holistic nursing practice · n=18

Medical clowning in hospitalized children: a meta-analysis.

Kasem Ali Sliman Rim (2023) · World journal of pediatrics : WJP · n=338

Clown therapy for procedural pain in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Fusetti Viviana (2022) · European journal of pediatrics

Humor and emotion: Quantitative meta analyses of functional neuroimaging studies.

Farkas Andrew H (2021) · Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior

Laughter yoga reduces the cortisol response to acute stress in healthy individuals.

Meier Maria (2021) · Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

Efficacy and feasibility of a humor training for people suffering from depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorder: a randomized controlled trial.

Tagalidou Nektaria (2019) · BMC psychiatry

Clown-care reduces pain in children with cerebral palsy undergoing recurrent botulinum toxin injections- A quasi-randomized controlled crossover study.

Ben-Pazi Hilla (2017) · PloS one · n=20

Patients' Evaluation of Intervention by a Medical Clown Visit or by Viewing a Humorous Film Following In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer.

Friedler Shevach (2017) · Journal of evidence-based complementary & alternative medicine · n=101

The effect of humor on short-term memory in older adults: a new component for whole-person wellness.

Bains Gurinder Singh (2014) · Advances in mind-body medicine · n=10

Effects of a laughter and exercise program on physiological and psychological health among community-dwelling elderly in Japan: randomized controlled trial.

Hirosaki Mayumi (2013) · Geriatrics & gerontology international · n=14

Parental presence, clowns or sedative premedication to treat preoperative anxiety in children: what could be the most promising option?

Vagnoli Laura (2010) · Paediatric anaesthesia · n=25

The effects of a group-based laughter yoga intervention on mood, anxiety and loneliness in adolescents with mild intellectual or developmental disabilities: A pilot randomized controlled trial.

Lee Regina Lai Tong (2025) · Research in developmental disabilities

Medical clown intervention shortens length of hospitalization in children with pneumonia.

Khoury Lana (2025) · Scientific reports

The Effect of Laughter Yoga on Vasomotor Symptoms and Sleep Quality in Menopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Aksoy-Can Ahu (2025) · Holistic nursing practice · n=36

Impact of Laughter Yoga on Test Anxiety and Education Stress of 8th Grade Students: An Experimental Study.

Kalanlar Bilge (2024) · Creative nursing

Effectiveness of hospital clowning on pediatric anxiety and pain: Network meta-analysis.

Caci Laura (2023) · Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association

Efficacy of laughter-inducing interventions in patients with somatic or mental health problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials.

Stiwi Katharina (2022) · Complementary therapies in clinical practice · n=1543

Effects of laughter yoga on hemodialysis patients' plasma-beta endorphin levels, pain levels and sleep quality: A randomized controlled trial.

Özer Zülfünaz (2021) · Complementary therapies in clinical practice · n=68

Effects of a laughter programme with entrainment music on stress, depression, and health-related quality of life among gynaecological cancer patients.

Lee Yong Jin (2020) · Complementary therapies in clinical practice

Pharmaceutical interventions for emotionalism after stroke.

Allida Sabine (2019) · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · n=239

Adjunctive steroid therapy versus antibiotics alone for acute endophthalmitis after intraocular procedure.

Kim Carole H (2017) · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · n=91

Effects of Laughing Training on Stress Levels in Thai Private Office Workers.

Chuchuen Uayart (2015) · Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet

Meeting the information needs of lower income cancer survivors: results of a randomized control trial evaluating the american cancer society's "I can cope".

Martin Michelle Y (2014) · Journal of health communication

Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of humor therapy in residential care: the Sydney Multisite Intervention of LaughterBosses and ElderClowns (SMILE).

Goodenough Belinda (2012) · International psychogeriatrics

Evaluation of the analgesic effect of intracameral lidocaine hydrochloride injection on intraoperative and postoperative pain in healthy dogs undergoing phacoemulsification.

Park Shin Ae (2010) · American journal of veterinary research

Clinical efficacy of conbercept combined with micropulse laser in patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy.

Liu Qingyan (2025) · Lasers in medical science · n=52

Safety and efficacy of MicroPulse transscleral laser therapy with the revised P3 delivery device: A randomized controlled trial.

Lentz P Connor (2025) · European journal of ophthalmology · n=40

The Effect of Laughter Yoga Applied to Intensive Care Nurses on Their Perceived Stress, Job Motivation, and Mental Well-being: Randomized Controlled Study.

Yılmaz Ramazan (2024) · Clinical nurse specialist CNS · n=30

Aqueous humour interleukin-6 and vision outcomes with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy.

Sepah Yasir Jamal (2024) · Eye (London, England) · n=3

The Effect of Laughter Yoga on the Psychological Resilience and Sleep Quality of Nurses During the Pandemic: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Sis Çelik Aslı (2023) · Alternative therapies in health and medicine · n=16

Evaluation of the impact of humor used in contraception education on the attitudes of university students towards contraceptive methods.

Özer Büşra (2022) · The European journal of contraception & reproductive health care : the official journal of the European Society of Contraception

Topical bromfenac reduces multiple inflammatory cytokines in the aqueous humour of pseudophakic patients.

Matsumura Takehiro (2021) · Scientific reports · n=26

Organisational interventions for preventing and minimising aggression directed towards healthcare workers by patients and patient advocates.

Spelten Evelien (2020) · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

Cyclodestructive procedures for refractory glaucoma.

Chen Monica F (2019) · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · n=326

The effect of watching funny and unfunny videos on post-surgical pain levels.

Elmali Hülya (2017) · Complementary therapies in clinical practice

A quasi randomized-controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of clowntherapy on children's anxiety and pain levels in emergency department.

Felluga Margherita (2016) · European journal of pediatrics

Humour-related interventions for people with mental illness: a randomized controlled pilot study.

Rudnick Abraham (2014) · Community mental health journal

[Coping strategies in postlingually deafened adult cochlear implant users in comparison to the hearing population].

Kobosko Joanna (2012) · Otolaryngologia polska = The Polish otolaryngology · n=78

Health literacy and emotional responses related to fecal incontinence.

Patel Kristina (2010) · Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing : official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society

Effects of Scalable, Wordless, Short, Animated Storytelling Videos on Flu Vaccine Hesitancy in China: Nationwide, Single-Blind, Parallel-Group, Randomized Controlled Trial.

Chen Wenjin (2025) · Journal of medical Internet research · n=12000

Effects of laughter on focus and stress in middle-aged adults: a single-blind, randomized controlled trial.

Yamakoshi Tatsuya (2025) · BMC complementary medicine and therapies

Pain perception, aqueous humour cytokines, and miosis response following first and second eye femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery: A randomised, prospective, intraindividual study.

Yu Yinhui (2024) · Clinical & experimental ophthalmology · n=48

The Effects of Laughter Yoga on Happiness and Stress in Nursing Students Going into Clinical Practice for the First Time.

Bal Betul (2025) · Journal of holistic nursing : official journal of the American Holistic Nurses' Association

The effect of laughter yoga on loneliness, psychological resilience, and quality of life in older adults: A pilot randomized controlled trial.

Öztürk Fatma Özlem (2023) · Geriatric nursing (New York, N.Y.) · n=32

Bethanechol used to prevent salivary gland dysfunction in patients submitted to radioactive iodine therapy: A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study.

Campanhã Daniel (2022) · Journal of stomatology, oral and maxillofacial surgery

Effects of Laughter Therapy on Life Satisfaction and Loneliness in Older Adults Living in Nursing Homes in Turkey: A Parallel Group Randomized Controlled Trial.

Kuru Alici Nilgün (2021) · Rehabilitation nursing : the official journal of the Association of Rehabilitation Nurses

Measuring patient experiences in a Children's hospital with a medical clowning intervention: a case-control study.

Karisalmi Nina (2020) · BMC health services research

Immune Response and Intraocular Inflammation in Patients With Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy Treated With Intravitreal Injection of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus 2 Carrying the ND4 Gene: A Secondary Analysis of a Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial.

Bouquet Céline (2019) · JAMA ophthalmology · n=3

Effects of a Humor Therapy Program on Stress Levels in Pediatric Inpatients.

Sánchez Julio C (2017) · Hospital pediatrics · n=306

Device-modified trabeculectomy for glaucoma.

Wang Xue (2015) · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · n=1542

Psychological, immunological and physiological effects of a Laughing Qigong Program (LQP) on adolescents.

Chang Chueh (2013) · Complementary therapies in medicine · n=67

Resilience in children undergoing stem cell transplantation: results of a complementary intervention trial.

Phipps Sean (2012) · Pediatrics · n=171

Effects of laughter yoga on separation anxiety in kindergarten children: Children's characteristics and related factors.

Tabei Milad (2025) · Acta psychologica

Effects of laughter therapy on improving physical and psychological symptoms among cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Qu Liying (2025) · Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer

The effect of laughter yoga and music intervention on depression, anxiety, and stress in the Rafsanjan-Iran aged: a randomized clinical trial study.

Tabei Milad (2025) · Aging & mental health · n=84

Effects of Laughter Therapy on Improving Negative Emotions Associated with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Shi Hongyu (2024) · Oncology

The influence of laughter yoga on pregnancy symptoms, mental well-being, and prenatal attachment: A randomized controlled study.

Ağapınar Şahin Safiye (2023) · Health care for women international

Understanding engagement behaviors and rapport building in tobacco cessation telephone counseling: An analysis of audio-recorded counseling calls.

Schnitzer Kristina (2022) · Journal of substance abuse treatment

Effect of laughter yoga on mental symptoms and salivary cortisol levels in first-year nursing students: A randomized controlled trial.

Ozturk Fatma Ozlem (2021) · International journal of nursing practice

The effects of watching comedy videos on anxiety and vital signs in surgical oncology patients.

Genç Hasan (2020) · Explore (New York, N.Y.) · n=88

Feasibility of a group-based laughter yoga intervention as an adjunctive treatment for residual symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress in people with depression.

Bressington Daniel (2019) · Journal of affective disorders

Effects of Laughing Training on Serum Cortisol and Nitrite Levels in Thai Private Office Workers.

Busarakumtragul Panaree (2016) · Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet

The effect of medical clowning on reducing pain, crying, and anxiety in children aged 2-10 years old undergoing venous blood drawing--a randomized controlled study.

Meiri N (2016) · European journal of pediatrics

Successful ingredients in the SMILE study: resident, staff, and management factors influence the effects of humor therapy in residential aged care.

Brodaty Henry (2014) · The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry

Novel intraocular and systemic absorption drug delivery and efficacy of N-acetylcarnosine lubricant eye drops or carcinine biologics in pharmaceutical usage and therapeutic vision care.

Babizhayev Mark A (2012) · Fundamental & clinical pharmacology · n=2

The Effect of Metagenomic Sequencing on Patient Clinical Outcomes for Intraocular Infections: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.

Shantha Jessica G (2025) · American journal of ophthalmology · n=100

Ocular Pharmacodynamics of Intravitreal Faricimab in Patients With Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration or Diabetic Macular Edema.

Diack Cheikh (2024) · Translational vision science & technology

Effectiveness of yoga and laughter yoga in improving psychological resilience of mothers with babies hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit.

Çiğdem Zerrin (2025) · Journal of health psychology

A pilot randomized controlled trial of distance laughter therapy for mothers' level of depression, anxiety, and parental stress during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Ko Yejung (2023) · PloS one · n=22

Impact of a magic recreation program on older adults with minor depressive symptoms in a long-term care facility: A pilot randomized controlled trial.

Lee Kuan-Ting (2022) · Geriatric nursing (New York, N.Y.)

Kinetics of hydrocortisone sodium phosphate penetration into the human aqueous humor after topical application.

Cagini Carlo (2021) · International journal of clinical practice

Aqueous Chlorhexidine Compared with Povidone-Iodine as Ocular Antisepsis before Intravitreal Injection: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Ali Ferhina S (2021) · Ophthalmology. Retina · n=50

A digital media attention diversion improves mood and fear in patients receiving chemotherapy for recurrent gynecologic malignancies: results of a randomized trial.

Spencer Ryan (2020) · International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society · n=1

Effect of laughter yoga on salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone among healthy university students: A randomized controlled trial.

Fujisawa Akiko (2018) · Complementary therapies in clinical practice

Effectiveness of pre-operative clown intervention on psychological distress: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Zhang Yongfu (2017) · Journal of paediatrics and child health

Humors Effect on Short-term Memory in Healthy and Diabetic Older Adults.

Bains Gurinder Singh (2015) · Alternative therapies in health and medicine · n=30

The effect of a medical clown on pain during intravenous access in the pediatric emergency department: a randomized prospective pilot study.

Wolyniez Ido (2013) · Clinical pediatrics

Effects of humor and laughter on psychological functioning, quality of life, health status, and pulmonary functioning among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a preliminary investigation.

Lebowitz Kim R (2011) · Heart & lung : the journal of critical care · n=46

The effect of laughter yoga on disease acceptance, treatment adherence and comfort in hemodialysis patients: A randomized controlled study.

Bal Betül (2025) · Explore (New York, N.Y.) · n=42

Comparative evaluation of efficacy of Trayodashang Guggul versus Rasona Pinda as an adjuvant with Katibasti in the management of Grudhrasi (Sciatica):  A randomized controlled trial.

Rai Mayank (2024) · F1000Research · n=60

Depression in nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Quesada-Puga Carmen (2024) · PloS one · n=12

Effects of laughter yoga on health-related quality of life in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a randomized clinical trial.

Namazinia Mohammad (2023) · BMC complementary medicine and therapies

Community-based mental health and well-being interventions for older adults in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Giebel Clarissa (2022) · BMC geriatrics · n=2000

Effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation and laughter therapy on mental health and treatment outcomes in women undergoing in vitro fertilization: A randomized controlled trial.

Kiyak Sibel (2021) · Research in nursing & health

Efficacy and Safety of Aqueous Interleukin-8-Guided Treatment in Cytomegalovirus Retinitis after Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Zhang Chuan (2022) · Ocular immunology and inflammation

Effects of mirthful laughter on pain tolerance: A randomized controlled investigation.

Lapierre Stephanie S (2019) · Journal of bodywork and movement therapies

The Effect of Therapeutic Clowning on Handwashing Technique and Microbial Colonization in Preschool Children.

Arıkan Duygu (2018) · Journal of nursing scholarship : an official publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing

Therapeutic clowns in pediatrics: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Sridharan Kannan (2016) · European journal of pediatrics

Effectiveness of humor intervention for patients with schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial.

Cai Chunfeng (2014) · Journal of psychiatric research · n=15

Parental anxiety and stress before pediatric anesthesia: a pilot study on the effectiveness of preoperative clown intervention.

Agostini Francesca (2014) · Journal of health psychology

Effects of laughter therapy on depression, cognition and sleep among the community-dwelling elderly.

Ko Hae-Jin (2011) · Geriatrics & gerontology international · n=109

The Effect of Laughter Yoga on Chemotherapy-Induced Symptoms and Sleep Quality in Patients with Haematologic Cancer.

Ugur Ozlem (2025) · Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · n=60

The effect of laughter yoga on well-being, perceived stress, and academic self-efficacy in nursing students: A randomized controlled trial.

Yas Merve Altiner (2025) · Applied psychology. Health and well-being

Changes in aqueous and vitreous inflammatory cytokine levels in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Mason Ryan H (2025) · Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie

Laughter as medicine: A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies evaluating the impact of spontaneous laughter on cortisol levels.

Kramer Caroline Kaercher (2023) · PloS one · n=315

Eye Dynamics and Engineering Network Consortium: Baseline Characteristics of a Randomized Trial in Healthy Adults.

Reed David M (2023) · Ophthalmology. Glaucoma · n=122

Effects of laughter therapy on the stress response of married immigrant women in South Korea: A randomized controlled trial.

Ko Yejung (2022) · Health care for women international · n=22

Aqueous Cytokine Expression and Higher Order OCT Biomarkers: Assessment of the Anatomic-Biologic Bridge in the IMAGINE DME Study.

Abraham Joseph R (2021) · American journal of ophthalmology

The Effect of Laughter Therapy on Anxiety: A Meta-analysis.

Demir Doğan Melike (2020) · Holistic nursing practice · n=157

The effect of medical clowns on performance of spirometry among preschool aged children.

Nir Vered (2018) · Pediatric pulmonology

Medical clowns reduce pre-operative anxiety, post-operative pain and medical costs in children undergoing outpatient penile surgery: A randomised controlled trial.

Kocherov Stanislav (2016) · Journal of paediatrics and child health

Effect of early treatment with aqueous suppressants on Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation outcomes.

Pakravan Mohammad (2014) · Ophthalmology · n=94

Clown intervention to reduce preoperative anxiety in children and parents: a randomized controlled trial.

Dionigi Alberto (2014) · Journal of health psychology · n=89

The effect of medical clowning on pregnancy rates after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.

Friedler Shevach (2011) · Fertility and sterility

Effects of scalable, wordless, short, animated storytelling videos on hope in China: a nationwide, single-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial.

Chen Wenjin (2025) · Journal of global health

The effect of laughter therapy on self-efficacy and psychological well-being in nursing students.

Güvener Yasemin Özyer (2024) · Archives of psychiatric nursing

Nutraceutical composition (yeast β-glucan, prebiotics, minerals, and silymarin) predicts improvement of sleep quality and metabolic parameters: A randomized pilot study.

Santamarina Aline Boveto (2024) · Clinical nutrition ESPEN

The effect of laughter yoga applied before simulation training on state anxiety, perceived stress levels, self-confidence and satisfaction in undergraduate nursing students: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial.

Dönmez Ayşe Arıkan (2023) · Nurse education in practice

Aqueous Humour Ofloxacin Concentration after Topical Instillation in Patients with Dry Eye Disease.

Kagkelaris Konstantinos (2022) · Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · n=17

Effects of therapeutic clowning on pain and anxiety during venous blood sampling in Turkey: Randomised controlled trial.

Kurudirek Fatma (2021) · Journal for specialists in pediatric nursing : JSPN

The effects of laughter therapy on depression symptoms in patients undergoing center hemodialysis: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial.

Bennett Paul N (2020) · Hemodialysis international. International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis · n=151

A place of understanding: Patients' lived experiences of participating in a sexual rehabilitation programme after heart disease.

Palm Pernille (2020) · Scandinavian journal of caring sciences

A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial of HUMira (adalimumab) for erosive hand OsteoaRthritis - the HUMOR trial.

Aitken D (2018) · Osteoarthritis and cartilage · n=51

Advanced cancer patients' reported wishes at the end of life: a randomized controlled trial.

Delgado-Guay Marvin O (2016) · Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · n=100

The effects of humor therapy on nursing home residents measured using observational methods: the SMILE cluster randomized trial.

Low Lee-Fay (2014) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association

Joyful and serious intentions in the work of hospital clowns: a meta-analysis based on a 7-year research project conducted in three parts.

Linge Lotta (2013) · International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being

The effects of a psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) based lifestyle intervention in modifying the progression of depression in clinically depressed adults.

Tanyi Ruth A (2011) · International journal of psychiatry in medicine · n=20

Exploring Self-Management Strategies: A Qualitative Analysis of Lives Affected by Low Anterior Resection Syndrome Through an Online Peer Support Forum in a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.

Moon Jeongyoon (2026) · Diseases of the colon and rectum · n=45

The Effect of Laughter Yoga on Postprandial Blood Glucose Levels, Disease Perception, and Perceived Stress Level in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Akçin Abdurrahman (2025) · Journal of integrative and complementary medicine · n=100

Effect of laughter exercise versus 0.1% sodium hyaluronic acid on ocular surface discomfort in dry eye disease: non-inferiority randomised controlled trial.

Li Jing (2024) · BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · n=149

Parkinson's Disease: Coping Strategies, Cognitive Restructuring and Deep Brain Stimulation.

Meyer Mylène (2024) · Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology · n=50

Laughter yoga as an enjoyable therapeutic approach for glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial.

Hirosaki Mayumi (2023) · Frontiers in endocrinology · n=42

Effects of a laughter program on body weight and mental health among Japanese people with metabolic syndrome risk factors: a randomized controlled trial.

Funakubo Narumi (2022) · BMC geriatrics · n=235

Changes in aqueous and vitreous inflammatory cytokine levels in diabetic macular oedema: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Minaker Samuel A (2022) · Acta ophthalmologica

Aqueous humor interleukin-6 levels in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG): A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Ulhaq Z S (2020) · Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia

Effects of laughter therapy on quality of life in patients with cancer: An open-label, randomized controlled trial.

Morishima Toshitaka (2019) · PloS one · n=56

Medical Clowns and Cortisol levels in Children Undergoing Venipuncture in the Emergency Department: A Pilot Study.

Rimon Ayelet (2016) · The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ · n=29

A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Therapeutic Intervention for Nursing Home Residents With Dementia and Depressive Symptoms.

Bailey Elaine M (2017) · Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society

Study of fluid ingress through clear corneal incisions following phacoemulsification with or without the use of a hydrogel ocular bandage: a prospective comparative randomised study.

Sykakis Evripidis (2014) · Acta ophthalmologica

Evaluation of a standardized humor group in a clinical setting: a feasibility study for older patients with depression.

Konradt Brigitte (2013) · International journal of geriatric psychiatry · n=49

Penetration of topically applied diclofenac and ketorolac into the aqueous humour and subretinal fluid: randomized clinical trial.

Unlu Nurten (2010) · Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie · n=11